{"id":442,"date":"2011-11-11T16:52:15","date_gmt":"2011-11-11T16:52:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/chestnut.fr\/?p=442"},"modified":"2012-01-25T14:44:34","modified_gmt":"2012-01-25T14:44:34","slug":"dancing-in-the-inns-of-courts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chestnut.ovh\/en\/dancing-in-the-inns-of-courts\/","title":{"rendered":"Dancing in the Inns of CourtsDancing in the Inns of Courts"},"content":{"rendered":"

Depuis la fin du 13\u00e8me si\u00e8cle et jusqu\u2019\u00e0 nos jours, l\u2019appellation Inns of Courts recouvre la m\u00eame r\u00e9alit\u00e9 : celle d\u2019une institution londonienne rassemblant les professionnels du droit. Cette institution regroupe diff\u00e9rents coll\u00e8ges assurant la formation des futurs magistrats et des hommes de loi en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral et fonctionnant aussi comme des clubs et des ordres disciplinaires.
\nDepuis l\u2019origine, les quatre coll\u00e8ges les plus importants sont Inner Temple et Middle Temple qui s\u2019installent dans des b\u00e2timents confisqu\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019ordre du Temple, Lincoln\u2019s Inn dont l\u2019histoire est li\u00e9e \u00e0 celle d\u2019Henry de Lacy, troisi\u00e8me conte de Lincoln, tout comme l\u2019histoire de Gray\u2019s Inn est li\u00e9e \u00e0 celle de la puissante famille des Gray.
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Appearing at the end of the 13th<\/sup> century and still going strong, the Inns of Court are a professional association for barristers and judges, made up of several London establishments, providing training for future lawyers and magistrates, as well as club facilities, and having disciplinary functions over its members . <\/strong><\/p>\n

The four main colleges were and remain Inner Temple <\/strong>and Middle Temple<\/strong> that use buildings confiscated from the Order of Knight Templars, Lincoln\u2019s Inn<\/strong> named after Henry de Lacy, third Earl of Lincoln, and Gray\u2019s Inn<\/strong> associated with the powerful Gray family.<\/p>\n

Many well-known names are to be found in the registers of the Inns of Court from the 16th century to present days. Statesmen (Thomas More, Lord Burleigh and Lord Walsingham \u2013 Tony Blair and about 15 Prime Ministers \u2013 Mahatma Ghandi); writers, poets and explorers (Charles Dickens and Wilkie Collins \u2013 John Donne and Sir Walter Raleigh); many crowned heads, sometimes honorary members (James II, George VI, Edward VII, the Duke of Edinburgh and Princess Diana). Shakespeare is said to have first played his \u201cComedy of Errors\u201d in the hall of Gray\u2019s Inn, well known for the quality of its shows, as witnessed by \u201cGraies Inn\u2019s Maske<\/em>\u201d, the last but one dance published by John Playford in 1651.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

From the Middle Ages to the Restoration, the Inns of Court were places of power and influence, training the men who would represent the King in the counties. Their wealth and history were celebrated with yearly festivities, in particular \u201cAll Hallows\u201d on November 1st and \u201cCandlemas\u201d on February 2nd. Between Christmas and the first days of January splendid Masques were also organized there, rivaling those of the Royal Court.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

A series of six manuscripts were found in the Inns of Court<\/em>\u2019s libraries, lists of dances and of books belonging to three members of the Inns of Court or some of their relatives. In spite of being a century apart (the oldest manuscript dates back to 1570, the latest one 1675), the same eight dances are found on the lists; they were eventually called \u201cthe olde Measures<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n

In all six manuscripts, in spite of the time difference, the eight dances are described in the same way, meaning they had eventually become the unavoidable rite to start \u201cThe Solemn Revels<\/em>\u201d. Younger members of the Inns of Court<\/em>, to whom the first edition of the \u201cDancing Master<\/em>\u201d is dedicated, were expected to have trained for the dances, mastered the complicated sequel of moves, and dance properly. Thus Bulsrode Whitelock, who was to become Cromwell\u2019s counselor, wrote about the 1628 Christmas Revels in Middle Temple:<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0theis measures were wont to be trulie danced, it beinge accounted a shame for an innes of Court man not to have learned to dance, especially the measures, but nowe their dancing is tourned to bare walking\u00a0\u00bb.\u00a0<\/em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Here is the list of all eight measures found in the Inns of Court libraries\u00a0:<\/p>\n

The Quadrian Pavan, Turkylonye, The Earle of Essex Measure, Tinternell, The Old Almayne, The Queen\u2019s Almayne, Sicilia Almayne ou Madam Cicillia Pavin, The Black Almain.<\/em><\/p>\n

Thanks to the manuscripts and the carefully described dances, we have a link between dances known at the end of the 15th and 16th century and the English dance repertoire published as late as 1651 but already taking shape in the late years\u00a0 of Elizabeth I\u2019s reign.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Starting in the last third of the 16th century, measure is synonymous with the two <\/em>major dance forms of the time: Pavans and Almans. However measure also means a long or short series of choreographic moves made up of a random sequel of singles and doubles.<\/p>\n

It is thus close to the 15th century \u201cbasse danse\u201d, except basse danses were built according to rules that, although complicated, were memory aids.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The first Inns of Court manuscript, \u201cThe Gunter MS\u201d still includes some basse danse vocabulary such as \u201crepryme\u201d, a word that is not found in later documents.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Here is for instance the description of My lord of Essex Measure:<\/p>\n

\u201dA duble forward repryme backe 4 tymes \/ 2 singles syde a duble forward repryme back\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Let us now compare the six choreographic \u201cmeasures\u201d of \u00ab\u00a0la basse dance du Roy Despaingne\u00a0\u00bb<\/strong> found in the BD manuscript of the Burgundy library (last third of the 15th century), (1), with the four or I would say five choreographic measures of \u201cla longue pavian\u201d, in the Gunter MS, around 1572<\/p>\n

\u00a0(1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 R b ss ddd rrr b\/ ss ddd r b\/ ss ddd rrr b\/ ss d r d r b\/ ss ddd rrr b\/
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ss d r d r bc.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>(2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2 singles a duble forward 2 singles syde reprime backe once\/ 2 singles syde a duble forward repryme back twyse\/2 singles a duble forward one single backe twyse 2 singles a duble forward 2 singles side reprime backe once\/ 2 singles side a double forward reprime backe twyse.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>Or, using the same abbreviations as for a basse danse\u00a0:<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0ss d ss r\/ss d r ss d r \/ss d s ss d s\/ ss d ss r\/ss d r ss d r.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Besides seeming to be the missing link between society dances that, with variations, were fashionable in Europe at the end of the 16h <\/sup>\u00a0century, and the specifically English repertoire taking shape in the reign of the first Stuarts, the Inns of Court measures greatly help us understand the dances collected by John Playford:<\/p>\n

they give us all-important precisions about which foot to start with for simples and doubles, in particular in the \u00ab\u00a0compulsory figures\u00a0\u00bb found in all dances. Thus the sixth measure \u00ab\u00a0The Queens Almayne\u00a0\u00bb \u00a0seems a typical\u00a0 dd ssd – dd ssd<\/strong> sequence, found in so many dances of the early editions of the \u00ab\u00a0Dancing Master\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Try and compare \u00ab\u00a0The Queens Almayne\u00a0\u00bb in its Ashmole version, a manuscript dated 1634 (1), and the later version of Buttler\u00a0 Buggins (2) with the choreography of \u00ab\u00a0A\u00a0Health to Betty\u00a0\u00bb, a first edition dance (3).<\/p>\n

(1)\u00a0\u00a0 A duble forward and a duble backe set two singles and face to face and turne a round in your owne place a duble forward with the right legge and backe with the left legge <\/span>set two singles face to face and turn a double round\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n

(2)\u00a0\u00a0 A double forwards and a double back with the left legg turne<\/span> face to face, and set and turn with the left legg<\/span>\/ A double forward and a double back with the right legg<\/span> turn face to face and sett and turn with the right legge<\/span>\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n

Last but not least, here is the original description of \u00a0\u00ab\u00a0The Black Almain\u00a0\u00bb, also from the Buttler Buggins\u00a0manuscript: <\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Syde 4 double round about the hall<\/em><\/p>\n

And close the last double face to<\/em><\/p>\n

Face. Then part your hands and goe all<\/em><\/p>\n

A double back one from another and<\/em><\/p>\n

Meet a double againe, The goe a<\/em><\/p>\n

Double to the left hand and<\/em><\/p>\n

As much back to the right hand<\/em><\/p>\n

The all on the Wome side stand still<\/em><\/p>\n

and the men set and turne<\/em><\/p>\n

then all the men stand still and<\/em><\/p>\n

the women sett and turne, theb hold<\/em><\/p>\n

both hands and change places with a<\/em><\/p>\n

double and slide four French slides to the<\/em><\/p>\n

mans right hand change places againe<\/em><\/p>\n

with a double and slyde 4 french slides<\/em><\/p>\n

to the right hand again, then<\/em><\/p>\n

part hands and goe back a double one<\/em><\/p>\n

from another and meande a double again.<\/em><\/p>\n

Then all this measure once over and soe on.<\/em><\/p>\n

The 2nd<\/sup> all the men stand still and the<\/em><\/p>\n

Women begin sett and turne first and then<\/em><\/p>\n

Men last<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

(spelling and page setting as in the original text)<\/em><\/p>\n


\nDu 16\u00e8me si\u00e8cle \u00e0 nos jours, beaucoup de noms c\u00e9l\u00e8bres \u00e9maillent les registres de l\u2019un ou l\u2019autre des coll\u00e8ges : des hommes d\u2019\u00e9tat (Thomas More, Lord Burleigh et Lord Walsingham – Tony Blair et une quinzaine de premiers ministres – le Mahatma Ghandi), des \u00e9crivains des po\u00e8tes et des explorateurs (Charles Dickens et Wilkie Collins – John Donne et sir Walter Raleigh), beaucoup de t\u00eates couronn\u00e9es, parfois \u00e0 titre honorifique (Jacques II, Georges VI, Edouard VII, l\u2019actuel Prince consort et la Princesse Diana). Shakespeare aurait cr\u00e9\u00e9 la \u00ab Com\u00e9die des erreurs \u00bb dans le hall de Gray\u2019s Inn, particuli\u00e8rement r\u00e9put\u00e9 pour la qualit\u00e9 de ses spectacles, comme le rappelle \u00ab Graies Inn\u2019s Maske \u00bb, l\u2019avant derni\u00e8re danse \u00e9dit\u00e9e par John Playford en 1651.<\/p>\n

Du Moyen \u00e2ge jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la Restauration, les Inns of Courts vont repr\u00e9senter des lieux de pouvoir et d\u2019influence consid\u00e9rables puisqu\u2019on y formait ceux qui allaient repr\u00e9senter la couronne dans les comt\u00e9s. On c\u00e9l\u00e9brait la richesse et la p\u00e9rennit\u00e9 de l\u2019institution \u00e0 travers de grandes f\u00eates annuelles, notamment celles ayant lieu le 1er novembre pour \u00ab All Hallows \u00bb et le 2 f\u00e9vrier pour \u00ab Candlemas \u00bb . On y organisait aussi des masques somptueux rivalisant avec ceux de la cour entre No\u00ebl et les premiers jours de janvier.<\/p>\n

Dans les biblioth\u00e8ques des Inns of Courts, on a retrouv\u00e9 une s\u00e9rie de six manuscrits se pr\u00e9sentant comme des documents annot\u00e9s, des listes de danses et des livres ayant appartenu \u00e0 trois membres des Inns of Courts ou \u00e0 certains de leurs proches.
\nQuoiqu\u2019un si\u00e8cle s\u00e9pare les manuscrits en question (le plus ancien datant de 1570 alors que le plus r\u00e9cent date de 1675), on y trouve list\u00e9es huit danses qu\u2019on finira par appeler \u00ab The olde Measures \u00bb.
\nD\u2019un manuscrit \u00e0 l\u2019autre, malgr\u00e9 la disparit\u00e9 des \u00e9poques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, ces huit danses sont d\u00e9crites de la m\u00eame mani\u00e8re : c\u2019est qu\u2019avec le temps, elles sont devenues le rituel incontournable par lequel \u00ab The Solemn Revels \u00bb (les f\u00eates solennelles) se devaient de commencer. On attendait des jeunes gentlemen des Inns of Court, auxquels est adress\u00e9e la d\u00e9dicace de la premi\u00e8re \u00e9dition du \u00ab Dancing Master \u00bb, qu\u2019ils se soient exerc\u00e9s \u00e0 ces danses, qu\u2019ils aient m\u00e9moris\u00e9 leur d\u00e9roulement complexe et qu\u2019ils les dansent sans laisser-aller, comme le rappelle Bulstrode Whitelocke, futur conseiller de Cromwell, relatant les festivit\u00e9s de No\u00ebl 1628 dans Middle temple :
\n\u00ab theis measures were wont to be trulie danced, it beinge accounted a shame for an innes of Court man not to have learned to dance, especially the measures, but nowe their dancing is tourned to bare walking \u00bb.<\/p>\n

Voici la liste des huit measures retrouv\u00e9es dans les biblioth\u00e8ques des Inns of Courts :
\nThe Quadrian Pavan, Turkylonye, The Earle of Essex Measure, Tinternell, The Old Almayne, The Queen\u2019s Almayne, Sicilia Almayne ou Madam Cicillia Pavin, The Black Almain.
\nCes manuscrits et les danses qu\u2019ils d\u00e9crivent consciencieusement nous permettent de faire le lien entre les r\u00e9pertoires de la fin du 15\u00e8me si\u00e8cle et de la fin du 16\u00e8me si\u00e8cle et le r\u00e9pertoire des danses anglaises publi\u00e9 tardivement en 1651 mais d\u00e9j\u00e0 en voie de constitution d\u00e8s la fin du r\u00e8gne de la reine Elizabeth I.
\nA partir du dernier tiers du 16\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, measure est en Angleterre employ\u00e9e comme synonyme pour les deux formes majeures des danses de soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00e9poque : la pavane et l\u2019allemande. Mais elle d\u00e9signe aussi une plus ou moins longue s\u00e9rie de s\u00e9quences chor\u00e9graphiques constitu\u00e9e \u00e0 partie d\u2019une distribution al\u00e9atoire de simples et doubles.
\nEn tant que telle, elle se rapproche beaucoup de la \u00ab basse danse \u00bb du 15\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, \u00e0 ceci pr\u00e8s que les \u00ab basses danses \u00bb observaient des r\u00e8gles de construction qui, tout en \u00e9tant assez sophistiqu\u00e9es, pouvaient au moins soulager la m\u00e9moire des danseurs.
\nLe premier manuscrit des Inns of Courts : \u00ab The Gunter MS \u00bb permet de constater qu\u2019on y utilise encore certains termes relevant de la terminologie de la \u00ab basse danse \u00bb, comme par exemple la reprise. Ce terme dispara\u00eetra par la suite.
\nVoici par exemple la description de My lord of Essex measure :
\n\u201dA duble forward repryme backe 4 tymes \/ 2 singles syde a duble forward repryme back\u201d<\/p>\n

Comparez maintenant les six \u00ab mesures \u00bb chor\u00e9graphiques de \u00ab la basse dance du Roy Despaingne \u00bb r\u00e9pertori\u00e9e dans le manuscrit dit des Basses Danses de la biblioth\u00e8que de Bourgogne \u2013 dernier tiers du 15\u00e8me si\u00e8cle (1) avec les quatre ou, \u00e0 mon sens, cinq mesures chor\u00e9graphiques de \u00ab la longe pavian \u00bb (2) toujours tir\u00e9e du \u00ab Gunter MS \u00bb – vers 1572.
\n(1) R b ss ddd rrr b\/ ss ddd r b\/ ss ddd rrr b\/ ss d r d r b\/ ss ddd rrr b\/
\nss d r d r bc.
\n(2) 2 singles a duble forward 2 singles syde reprime backe once\/ 2 singles syde a duble forward repryme back twyse\/2 singles a duble forward one single backe twyse 2 singles a duble forward 2 singles side reprime backe once\/ 2 singles side a double forward reprime backe twyse.
\nou, si j\u2019utilise les abr\u00e9viations utilis\u00e9es pour noter les basses danses :
\nss d ss r\/ss d r ss d r \/ss d s ss d s\/ ss d ss r\/ss d r ss d r.<\/p>\n

Outre le fait que la mesure semble \u00eatre le cha\u00eenon manquant entre les r\u00e9pertoires des danses de soci\u00e9t\u00e9 en vogue, avec des variantes, dans les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s de la fin du 16\u00e8me si\u00e8cle en Europe et le r\u00e9pertoire sp\u00e9cifiquement anglais qui s\u2019organise sous le r\u00e8gne des premiers rois Stuart, les mesures des Inns of Courts apportent un \u00e9clairage int\u00e9ressant et m\u00eame d\u00e9cisif pour comprendre les danses r\u00e9pertori\u00e9es par John Playford.
\nEn effet, ces documents apportent des pr\u00e9cisions essentielles concernant les pieds de d\u00e9part des simples et des doubles, notamment dans les \u00ab figures impos\u00e9es \u00bb qu\u2019on retrouve dans toutes les danses. Dans ces conditions, la sixi\u00e8me mesure \u00ab The Queens Almayne \u00bb, appara\u00eet comme le prototype de la s\u00e9quence dd ssd – dd ssd qu\u2019on trouve dans de si nombreuses danses des premi\u00e8res \u00e9ditions du \u00ab Dancing Master \u00bb.
\nComparez donc \u00ab The queens Almayne \u00bb dans la version du Ashmole, manuscrit dat\u00e9 de 1634 (1), et celle plus tardive de Buttler Buggins (2) avec la partition chor\u00e9graphique de \u00ab A Health to Betty \u00bb, danse de la premi\u00e8re \u00e9dition (3).
\n(1) A duble forward and a duble backe set two singles and face to face and turne a round in your owne place a duble forward with the right legge and backe with the left legge set two singles face to face and turn a double round\u2026
\n(2) A double forwards and a double back with the left legg turne face to face, and set and turn with the left legg\/ A double forward and a double back with the right legg turn face to face and sett and turn with the right legge\u2026<\/p>\n

(3) Partition originale de \u00ab A Health to Betty \u00bb<\/p>\n

Voici pour finir la description originale de \u00ab The Black Almain \u00bb, tir\u00e9e elle aussi du manuscrit de Buttler Buggins :<\/p>\n

Syde 4 double round about the hall
\nAnd close the last double face to
\nFace. Then part your hands and goe all
\nA double back one from another and
\nMeet a double againe, The goe a
\nDouble to the left hand and
\nAs much back to the right hand
\nThe all on the Wome side stand still
\nand the men set and turne
\nthen all the men stand still and
\nthe women sett and turne, theb hold
\nboth hands and change places with a
\ndouble and slide four French slides to the
\nmans right hand change places againe
\nwith a double and slyde 4 french slides
\nto the right hand again, then
\npart hands and goe back a double one
\nfrom another and meete a double again.
\nThen all this measure once over and soe on.
\nThe 2nd all the men stand still and the
\nWomen begin sett and turne first and then
\nMen last<\/p>\n

(Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 tenu compte des variations de graphie et de mise en page du texte original)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Depuis la fin du 13\u00e8me si\u00e8cle et jusqu\u2019\u00e0 nos jours, l\u2019appellation Inns of Courts recouvre la m\u00eame r\u00e9alit\u00e9 : celle d\u2019une institution londonienne rassemblant les professionnels du droit. Cette institution regroupe diff\u00e9rents coll\u00e8ges assurant la formation des futurs magistrats et des hommes de loi en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral et fonctionnant aussi comme des clubs et des ordres […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-442","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-histoire"],"yoast_head":"\nDancing in the Inns of CourtsDancing in the Inns of Courts - Chestnut<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chestnut.ovh\/dancing-in-the-inns-of-courts\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"C\u00e9cile Laye\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"14 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chestnut.ovh\/dancing-in-the-inns-of-courts\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/chestnut.ovh\/dancing-in-the-inns-of-courts\/\",\"name\":\"Dancing in the Inns of CourtsDancing in the Inns of Courts - 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